Driver training challenges, barriers and needs arising from ADAS development

Aleskandra Rodak; Małgorzata Pełka

doi:10.5604/01.3001.0053.7074

Authors

Aleskandra Rodak Motor Transport Institute, Warsaw Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6206-7660
Małgorzata Pełka Motor Transport Institute, Warsaw Author https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-4360

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.7074

Keywords:

automated vehicle, ADAS, driver training, driving license examination

Abstract

Year to year, vehicles are becoming more advanced, and manufacturers offer newer support systems. Progressive technology development must be followed by relevant sociological changes, including establishing a proper user awareness level. Even though compulsory driver training, required before obtaining a license, consists of selected support features, e.g. ABS (Anti-lock Braking System), it does not provide novice drivers with the necessary practical skills and knowledge of all automation features available on the market. To reduce the human error factor, the European Parliament adopted new regulations, including minimum safety requirements for new vehicles. This paper identifies the gap between the current approach toward teaching automation and necessary changes that should be made to ensure road safety. It provides an overview of ADAS functions allowed to be used during driving license exam of category B in different European countries. Moreover, the publication contains results of work carried out under the Trustonomy project. Outcomes obtained from the questionnaires were used to develop new driver training curricula. The publication discusses the developments of a survey conducted among 83 Polish drivers and 91 car fleet managers. The paper reveals their attitude and expectations towards driver training. The results indicate that despite the awareness of ADAS's positive impact on safety (80% of drivers vote, 96% of car fleet managers votes), man people still didn't take part in any training and still do not know how to use systems properly. Even more worrying is the fact that more than 50% of drivers admitted they acquired knowledge about system operation based on their own mistakes. Many responders expressed their interest in acquiring new knowledge. This situation indicates an urgent need to introduce changes to the driver training system. Therefore, the publication highlights different regulatory boundaries across Europe and stresses the need to update existing curricula to introduce proper automation-related training.

References

Abraham H., Reimer B., Seppelt B., Fitzgerald C., Mehler B., Coughlin J., (2018). Consumer Interest in Automation: Change over One Year, Transportation Research Board 97th Annual Meeting, 7-11 January 2018, Washington DC, United States. Online: https://trid.trb.org/View/1495407.

Atchison, L., (2016). Reducing Casualties Involving Young Drivers And Riders In Europe, European Transport Safety Council, 38-46. Online: https://etsc.eu/wp-content/uploads/ 2017_01_26_young_drivers_report.pdf.

Austroads, Education and Training for Drivers of Assisted and Automated Vehicles, Research Report AP-R616-20, March 2020.

Baker, M.J., (2015). Collaboration in Collaborative Learning. Interaction Studies: Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems, 16(3), 451-473. Special issue on “Coordination, Collaboration and Cooperation: Interdisciplinary Perspectives”. Guest editors: Federica Amici, Lucas M. Bietti. DOI: 10.1075/is.16.3.05bak.

Bala H., Anowar S., Chng S., Cheah L. (2023) Review of studies on public acceptability and acceptance of shared autonomous mobility services: past, present and future, Transport Reviews, DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2023.2188619.

Beggiato M., Pereira M., Petzoldt T., Krems J., (2015). Learning and development of trust, acceptance and the mental model of ACC. A longitudinal on-road study. Transportation Re-search Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 35, 75-84, DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2015.10.005.

Carney C., Gaspar J.G., Horrey W.J., (2022). Longer-term exposure vs training: Their effect on drivers' mental models of ADAS technology, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 91, 329-345. DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2022.09.017.

Castritius S.M., Hecht H., Moeller J., Dietz Ch. J., Schubert P., Bernhard Ch., Morvilius S., Haas Ch. T., Hammer S., (2020). Acceptance of truck platooning by professional drivers on German highways. A mixed methods approach. Applied Ergonomics, 85, 103042. DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.103042.

DeGuzman C.A., Donmez B. (2022): Drivers don’t need to learn all ADAS limitations: A comparison of limitation-focused and responsibility-focused training approaches. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 178(December 2022), 106871, DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106871.

Dekra, TÜV, (2019). Anwenderhinweise zur Bewertung der Nutzung von Fahrerassistenzsystemen und teilautomatisierten Fahrfunktionen in der Praktischen Fahrerlaubnisprüfung. Drezno.

Directive 2006/126/EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 20 December 2006 on driving licences, Official Journal of the European Union.

Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency, National standard for driving cars and light vans (category B), Role 2: Guide and control the vehicle, United Kingdom, Online: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/national-stand-ard-for-driving-cars-and-light-vans-category-b/role-2-guide-and-control-the-vehicle [accessed: August 2020].

Driving Test Tips, Cars For The Driving Test Requirements Explained, Online: https://www.drivingtesttips.biz/car-for-driving-test.html [accessed: January 2020].

European Commission official website, Online: https://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/vehicles/driving-licence/get-driving-licence/index_en.htm [accessed: January 2020].

European Commission, Eurobarometer 496. Expectations and concerns of connected and automated driving, April 2020, DOI: 10.2760/494496.

European Parliament Portal, News, Road fatality statistics in the EU (infographic), 16.04.2019, Online: https://www.europarl.eu-ropa.eu/news/en/headlines/soci-ety/20190410STO36615/roadfatality-statis-tics-in-the-eu-infographic [accessed: January 2022].

Faus M., Alonso F., Esteban C., Useche S.A. (2023). Are adult driver education programs ef-fective? A Systematic Review of evaluations of accident prevention training courses. Interna-tional Journal of Educational Psychology, 12(1), DOI: 10.17583/ijep.8805.

Horswill M.S., Hill A., Silapurem L.,Watson M.O., (2021). A thousand years of crash experience in three hours: An online hazard perception training course for drivers, Accident Analysis & Prevention, 152(1), 105969, DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105969.

Hulme K. et al. (2021). Blueprint for a Simulation Framework to Increase Driver Training Safety in North America: Case Study, Safety, 7(2), 24, DOI: 10.3390/safety7020024.

Larsson A.F., (2012) Driver usage and under-standing of adaptive cruise control. Applied Ergonomics, 43(3), 501-506. DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2011.08.005.

Le Moniteur Automobile, Olivier Duquesne, Le permis de conduire : règles en Wallonie - MàJ 25 février 2021, 25.02.2021, Online: https://www.moniteurautomobile.be/conseils-auto/le-permis-de-conduire/permis-de-conduire-regles-en-wallonie.html [accessed: September 2021].

Le Conseil Fédéral, Portail du Gouvernement suisse, Les véhicules servant aux examens ne doivent pas être munis d’accessoires inhabituels facilitant la conduit, art. 88(2) Online: https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19760247/index.html [accessed: September 2020].

Merriman S.E., Plant K.L., Revell K.M.A., Stanton N.A., (2021). Challenges for automated vehicle driver training: A thematic analysis from manual and automated driving. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 76, 238-268. DOI:10.1016/j.trf.2020.10.011.

Office de la circulation et de la navigation, Etablissement autonome de droit public de l’Etat de Fribourg, Véhicule servant aux courses d’apprentissage et à l’examen catégorie, (2019), Online: https://www.ocn.ch/sites/default/files/2019-05/Vehicule_pour_courses_apprentissage_et_examen_categorie_B_20190521.pdf [accessed: September 2020].

Ostafin, B.D., Papenfuss I., Vervaeke J., (2021). Fear of the unknown as a mechanism of the inverse relation between life meaning and psychological distress, Anxiety, Stress, & Coping. DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2021. 1994556.

Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2019 on type-approval requirements for motor vehicles and their trailers, and systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles, as regards their general safety and the protection of vehicle occupants and vulnerable road users. Online: https://eurlex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/2144/oj.

Regulation of The Minister Of Infrastructure of 28 June 2019 on examining applicants for driving license, training, examining and obtaining qualifications by examiners, and specimen documents used in these matters, Chapter 6, §32, point 2. Online: http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/.isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20190001206/O/ D20191206.pdf (Polish) [accessed: August 2020].

Rossi, R., Gastaldi, M., Biondi, F., Orsini, F., De Cet, G., Mulatti, C., (2020). A Driving Simulator Study Exploring the Effect of Different Mental Models on ADAS System Effectiveness. In: Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, and Computer Graphics. AVR 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 12242. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58465-8_7.

Zhang Y., Kamargianni M., (2023). A review on the factors influencing the adoption of new mobility technologies and services: autonomous vehicle, drone, micromobility and mobility as a service, Transport Reviews, 43 (3), 407-429. DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2022. 2119297.

Zheng H., Mason J., Classen S., Giang W.C.W. (2023). Pilot study: Effect of roles and responsibility training on driver's use of adaptive cruise control between younger and older adults, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 94, 53-66, DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2023.01.023.

Zippia The Career Expert, Fleet Manager De-mographics And Statistics in the US, Online: https://www.zippia.com/fleet-manager-jobs/demographics/ [accessed: April 2023]