Identification of factors increasing the risk of pedestrian death in road accidents involving a pedestrian with a motor vehicle

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2474

Keywords:

pedestrian, pedestrian safety, road traffic safety, road crashes, road transport, road traffic engineering

Abstract

Walking is a basic form of activity for every human being and has many advantages, including health, economic and environmental benefits. Every journey made using various means of transport begins and ends on foot. As is well known, the group of road users particularly exposed to the risk of serious injury in road accidents, apart from cyclists, also includes pedestrians. These are the so-called vulnerable road users. Pedestrians are a group of road users that is often deprecated by many drivers of motor vehicles, but very important in road traffic. Pedestrian injuries and pedestrian fatalities have enormous social and economic consequences. The problem of high pedestrian risk on Polish roads is well known and has been widely described in the scientific literature last few years. However, the reasons for this state of affairs have not been fully explained, as evidenced by the statistics of road traffic incidents. Despite many studies in this area, the causes indicated in the research often differ depending on the area of analysis, the environment in which the incident took place, location, participants of the incident, environmental conditions, behaviorism and many other features. Therefore, the main goal of the article was to determine the factors influencing the formation of fatalities in road traffic accidents among pedestrians in accidents involving pedestrians and motor vehicles in the Silesian Voivodeship (Poland) in 2016-2021. The logit model presented in the article allowed for the conclusion that the main attributes influencing the increasing the risk of pedestrian death in road accidents involving a pedestrian with a motor vehicle include such features as driving under the influence of alcohol by the driver, exceeding the speed limit by the vehicle driver, when the road incident involves a heavy vehicle (truck, bus), a pedestrian is a male, pedestrian is over 60 years old, is under the influence of alcohol, the incident took place outside built-up area, at night, i.e. from 10:00 p.m. up to 6:00 a.m, in other than good weather conditions. The obtained results can be used in various activities, campaigns aimed at improving the safety of pedestrian traffic in the area of the analysis.

References

Ackaah, W., Apuseyine, B.A., & Afukaar, F.K. (2020). Road traffic crashes at night-time: characteristics and risk factors. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 27(3), 392-299, DOI: 10.1080/17457300 .2020.1785508.

Besharati, M.M., & Kashani, A.T. (2018). Which set of factors contribute to increase the likelihood of pedestrian fatality in road crashes? International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 25(8), 247-256, DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2017.1363781.

Billah, K., Sharif, H.O., Dessouky, S. (2021). Analysis of Pedestrian-Motor Vehicle Crashes in San Antonio, Texas. Sustainability, 13(12), paper id 6610, 1-23, DOI: 10.3390/su13126610.

Budzyński, M., Jamroz, K., Mackun, T. (2017). Pedestrian safety in road traffic in Poland. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 245, paper id 042064, 1-10, DOI:10.1088/1757-899X/245/4/042064.

Casado-Sanz N., Guirao, B., Galera, A.L., Attard, M. (2019). Investigating the risk factors associated with the severity of the pedestrians injured on Spanish cross town roads. Sustainability, 11(19), paper id 5194, 1-18, DOI: 10.3390/su11195194.

Casado-Sanz, N., Guirao, B., Attard, M. (2020). Analysis of the risk factors affecting the severity of traffic accidents on spanish cross-town roads: the driver's perspective. Sustainability, 12(6), paper id 2237, 1-26, DOI:10.3390/su12062237.

Ceepik database (Central Register of Vehicles and Drivers in Poland): http://www.cepik.gov.pl/documents/76251/76 577/Pojazdy+zarejestrowane+w+2021+r.+woj ew%C3%B3dztwami+I-XI/96b2201f-47ff-4cb e-9f09-b3fcc6217690. Accessed 10.09.2022.

Cieśla, M., Macioszek, E. (2022). The perspective projects promoting sustainable mobility by active travel to school on the example of the southern Poland region. Sustainability, 14(16), paper id 9962, 1-18, DOI: 10.3390/su 14169962.

Cieśla, M., Sobota, A., Jacyna, M. (2020). Multi-criteria decision making process in metropolitan transport means selection based on the sharing mobility idea. Sustainability, 12(17), article id 7231, 1-21, DOI: 10.3390/su12177231.

Chen, Y., Ma, J., Chen, N. (2019). Analyzing pedestrian fatality risk in accidents at midblocks. Journal of Transportation Technologies, 9(2), 171-192, DOI: 10.4236/jtts. 2019.92011.

Chong, S.L., Chiang, L.W., Surg, M., Allen, J.C., Fleegler, E.W., Lee, L.K. (2018). Epidemiology of pedestrian-motor vehicle fatalities and injuries, 2006-2015. American Journal if Preventive Medicine, 55(1), 98-105, DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.005.

Congiu, T., Sotgiu, G., Castilia, P., Azara, A., Piana, A., Saderi, L., Dettori, M. (2019). Built environments features and pedestrian accidents: An Italian retrospective study. Sustainability, 11(4), paper id 1064, 1-14, DOI:10.3390/su11041064.

Das, S., Bibeka, A., Sun, X., Zhou, H.T., Jalayer, M. (2019). Elderly pedestrian fatal crash-related contributing factors: applying empirical Bayes geometric mean method. Transportation Research Record, 2673(8), 254-263, DOI: 10.1177/ 0361198119841570.

Febres, J.D., Mariscal, M.Á., Herrera, S., García-Herrero, S. (2021). Pedestrians’ Injury Severity in Traffic Accidents in Spain: A Pedestrian Actions Approach. Sustainability, 13(11), paper id 6439, 1-20, DOI: 10.3390/ su13116439.

Gu, Z., Peng, B. (2021). Investigation into built environment impacts on pedestrian crash frequencies during morning, noon/afternoon, night, and during peak hours: a case study in Miami Country, Florida. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 13(9), 915-935, DOI: 10.1080/19439962.2019.1701164.

Guo, M., Yuan, Z., Janson, B., Peng, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, W. (2021). Older Pedestrian Traffic Crashes Severity Analysis Based on an Emerging Machine Learning XGBoost. Sustainability, 13(2), paper id 926, 1-26, DOI: 10.3390/su13020926.

Jacyna, M., Wasiak, M., Kłodawski, M., Gołębiowski, P. (2017). Modelling of bicycle raffic in the cities using VISUM. Procedia Engineering, 187, 435-441, DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.397.

Jamroz, K., Gaca, S., Michalski, L., Kieć, M., Budzyński, M., Gumińska, L., Kustra, W., Mackun, T., Oskarbska, I., Rychlewska, J., Ryś, A., Wachnicka, J., Wierzbicka, J. (2014). Protection of Pedestrians. Guidelines for pedestrian traffic organizers (in Polish. Warsaw: Ministry of Infrastructure and Development, Secretariat of the National Road Safety Council.

Koh, M., Hitosugi, M., Kagesawa, E., Narikawa, T., Takashima, K. (2021). Factors influencing fatalities or severe injuries to pedestrians lying on the road in Japan: Nationwide Police Database Study. Healtcare, 9(11), paper id 1433, 1-12, DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111433.

Kuskapan, E., Alemdar, K.D., Kaya, O., Codur, M.Y. (2019). Traffic accidents caused by pedestrians in Turkey. International Journal for Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 9(1), 118-26, DOI: 10.7708/ijtte.2019.9(1).09.

Lalika, L., Kitali, A.E., Haule, H.J., Kidando, E., Sando, T., Alluri, P. (2022). What are the leading causes of fatal and severe injury crashes involving older pedestrian? Evidence from Bayesian network model. Journal of Safety Research, 80, 281-292, DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr. 2021.12.011.

Lee, Ch., Abdel-Aty, M. (2005). Comprehensive analysis of vehicle-pedestrian crashes at intersections in Florida. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 37(4), 775-786, DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2005.03.019.

Li, Y., Fan, W. (2022). Mixed logit approach to modeling the severity of pedestrian-injury in pedestrian-vehicle crashes in North Carolina: Accounting for unobserved heterogeneity. Journal o Transportation Safety & Security, 14(5), 798-817, DOI: 10.1080/19439962.2020.1821850.

Li, Y., Fan, W. (2019). Pedestrian injury severities in pedestrian-vehicle crashes and the partial proportional odds logit model: accounting for age difference. Transportation Research Record, 2673(5), 731-746, DOI: 10.1177/03611981198428.

Macioszek, E., Grana, A., Fernandes, P., Coelho, M.C. (2022). New perspectives and challenges in traffic and transportation engineering supporting energy saving in smart cities - a multidisciplinary approach to a global problem. Energies, 15(12), article id 4191, 1-8, DOI: 10.3390/en15124191.

Macioszek, E. (2022). Roundabouts as aesthetic road solutions for organizing landscapes. Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 115, 53-62, DOI: 10.20858/sjsutst.2022.115.4.

Makarova, I., Shubenkova, K., Mavrin, V., Buyvol, P. (2018). Improving safety on the crosswalks with the use of fuzzy logic. Transport Problems, 13(1), 97-109, DOI: 10.21307/tp. 2018.13.1.9.

Mackun, T., Ryś, A., Tomczuk, P. (2017). Risk assessment methodologies for pedestrian crossings without traffic lights - Warsaw case study - pedestrian safety assessment. Matec Web of Conferences, 122, paper id 01004, 1-6, DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201712201004.

Malin, F., Silla, A., Mladenović, M.N. (2020). Prevalence and factors associated with pedestrian fatalities and serious injuries: case Finland. European Transport Research Review, 12(29), 1-17, article number 29, DOI: 10.1186/s12544-020-00411-z.

Martinez-Ruiz, V., Valenzuela-Martinez, M., Lardelli-Claret, P., Molina-Soberanes, D., Moreno-Roldan, E., Jimenez-Mejias, E. (2019). Factors related to the risk of pedestrian fatality after a crash in Spain, 1993-2013. Journal of Transport & Health, 12, 279-289, DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2019.02.008.

Mukherjee, D., Mitra, S. (2019). Impact of Road Infrastructure Land Use and Traffic Operational Characteristics on Pedestrian Fatality Risk: A Case Study of Kolkata, India. Transportation in Developing Economies 5(2), 1-6, DOI: 10.1007/s40890-019-0077-5.

Mukherjee D., Mitra, S. (2020). Identification of pedestrian risk factors using negative binomial model. Transportation in Developing Economies, 6(4), 1-14, DOI: 10.1007/s40890- 019-0092-6. [33] Nasri, M., Aghabayk, K., Esmaili, A., Shiwakoti, N. (2022). Using ordered and unordered logistic regressions to investigate risk factors associated with pedestrian crash injury severity in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Safety Research, 81, 78-90, DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr. 2022.01.008.

Obinguar, D.D., Iryo-Asano, M. (2021). Macroscopic analysis on the frequency and severity of pedestrian crashed on National Roads in Metro Manila, Philippines. IATSS Research, 45(4), 521-529, DOI: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2021. 06.003.

Olowosegun, A., Babajide, N., Akintola, A., Fountas, G., Finzone, A. (2022). Analysis of pedestrian accident injury-severities at road junctions and crossings using an advanced random parameter modelling framework: The case of Scotland. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 169, paper id 106610, 1-13, DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106610.

Okraszewska, R., Birr, K., Gumińska, L., Michalski, L. (2017). Growing role of walking and cycling and the associated risks. Matec Web Conference 122, 1-7, DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201712201006.

Olszewski, P., Szagała, P., Wolański, M., Zielińska A. (2015). Pedestrian fatality risk in accidents at unsignalized zebra crosswalks in Poland. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 84, 83- 01, DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.08.008.

Olszewski, P., Zielińska, A. (2012). Research and modeling of pedestrian safety in road traffic. Urban and Regional Transport 4, 23-27 (in Polish).

Open Street Maps: https://openstreetmap.org.pl/mapa/. Accessed: 10.09.2022.

Peng, R.Y., Bongard, F.S. (1999). Pedestrian versus motor vehicle accidents: an analysis of 5000 patients. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 189(4), 343-348, DOI: 10.1016/S1072-7515(99)00166-0.

Pljakić, M., Jovanović, D., Matović, B. (2022). The influence of traffic-infrastructure factors on pedestrian accidents at the macro-level: The geographically weighted regression approach. Journal of Safety Research, 1-12, DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.08.021 (in press).

Pour-Rouholamin, M., Zhou, H. (2016). Investigating the risk factors associated with pedestrian injury severity in Illinois. Journal of Safety Research, 57, 9-17, DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2016.03.004.

Qiu, B., Fan, W. (2022). Mixed logit models for examining pedestrian injury severities at intersecion and non-intersection locations. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 14(8), 1333-1357, DOI: 10.1080/19439962.2021. 1923101.

Rampinelli, A., Calderón, J.F., Blazquez, C.A., Sauer-Brand, K., Hamann, N., Nazif-Munoz, J.I. (2022). Investigating the risk factors associated with injury severity in pedestrian crashes in Santiago, Chile. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), paper id 11126, 1-21, DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191711126.

Ricardi, M.R., Mauriello, F., Scarano, A., Montella, A. (2022). Analysis of contributory factors of fatal pedestrian crashes by mixed logit model and association rules. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2022.2116647 (in press).

Sarkar, S., Tay, R., Hunt, J.D. (2011). Logistic regression model of risk of fatality in vehicle-pedestrian crashes on national highways in Bangladesh. Sage journals, 2264(1), 128-137, DOI: 10.3141/2264-15.

SEWIK database (System of Records of Accidents and Collisions Database in Poland): http://sewik.pl/search. Accessed on 12. 09. 2022.

Silesian Voivodeship (2020): Attachment to Resolution VI/24/1/2020 of the Silesian Voivodeship Assembly of October 19, 2020. Development Strategy of the Silesian Voivodeship "Śląskie 2030". Green Silesia. Department of Regional Development, Regional Center for Strategic Analysis and Planning Office of the Marshal of the Silesian Voivodeship. Katowice: Silesian Voivodeship (in Polish).

Sivasankaran, S.K., Balasubramanian, V. (2022). Investigation of factors contributing o pedestrian hit-and-run crashes in India. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 14(3), 382-403, DOI: 10.1080/19439962.2020. 1781313.

Sobrinho-Junior, S.A., Cancian Nepomuceno de Almeida, A., Ceabras, A.A.P., da Silva Carvalho, C.L., Lino, T.B., Christofoletti, G. (2022). Risk of accidents caused by the use of Smartphone by pedestrians are task-and environment-dependent. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), paper id 10320, 1-9, DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610320.

Stoker, P., Garfinkel-Castro, A., Khayesi, M., Odero, W., Mwangi, M.N., Peden, M., Ewing, R. (2015). Pedestrian safety and the built environment: A review of the risk factors. Journal of Planning Literature, 30(4), 277-302, DOI: 10.1177/ 0885412215595438.

Sugiyanto, G., Malkhamah, S. (2018). Determining the maximum speed limit in urban road to increase traffic safety. UTM Jurnal Teknologu, 80(5), 67-77, DOI: 10.11113/jt. v80.10489.

Sze, N.N., Wong, S.C. (2007). Diagnostic analysis of the logistic model for pedestrian injury severity in traffic crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 39(6), 1267-1278, DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2007.03.017.

Tay, R., Choi, J., Khan, A. (2011). A multinomial logit model of pedestrian-vehicle crash severity. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 5(4), 233-249, DOI: 10.1080/15568318.2010.497547.

Wang, K., Zhang, W., Jin, L., Feng, Z, Zhu, D., Cong, H. (2022). Diagnostic analysis of environmental factors affecting the severity of traffic crashes: From the perspective of pedestrian-vehicle and vehicle-vehicle collisions. Traffic Injury Prevention, 23(1), 17-22, DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2021.1995602.

Wang, J., Huang, H., Xu, P., Xie, S., Wong, S.C. (2019). Random parameter probit models to analyze pedestrian red-light violations and injury severity in pedestrian-motor vehicle crashed at signalized crossings. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 12(6), 818- 837, DOI: 10.1080/19439962.2018.1551257.

Wiratama, B.S., Hsu, L.M., Yeh, Y.S., Chen, C.C., Saleh, W., Liu, Y.H., Pai, C.W. (2022). Joint effect of heavy vehicles and diminished light conditions on pediatric pedestrian injuries in Backover crashes: A UK population-based study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), paper id 11689, 1-9, DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811689.

Xue, G., Wen, H. (2022). Pedestrian-injury severity analysis in pedestrian vehicle crashes with familiar and unfamiliar drivers. Transportmetrica A: Transport Science, 1-29, DOI: 10.1080/23249935.2022.2120784 (in press).

Ye, Y., Wong, S.C., Li, Y.C., Choi, K.M. (2023). Crossing behaviors of drunk pedestrians unfamiliar with local traffic rules. Safety Science, 157, paper id 105924, 1-11, DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105924.

Yoon, J., Lee, S. (2021). Spatio-temporal patterns in pedestrian crashes and their determining factors: Application of a space-time cube analysis model. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 161, paper id 106291, 1-12, DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106291.

Zafri, N.M., Prithul, A.A., Baral, I., Rahman, M. (2020). Exploring the factors influencing pedestrian-vehicle crash severity in Dhaka, Bangladesh. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 23(3), 300-307, DOI: 10.1080/ 17457300.2020.1774618.

Downloads

Published

2023-03-31

Issue

Section

Original articles

How to Cite

Macioszek, E., Granna, A., & Krawiec, S. (2023). Identification of factors increasing the risk of pedestrian death in road accidents involving a pedestrian with a motor vehicle. Archives of Transport, 65(1), 7-25. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2474

Share

Similar Articles

1-10 of 422

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.