Analysis of real-time energy transfer possibilities at intersections with consideration of energy storage

Marcin Koniak; Piotr Jaskowski; Radovan Madleňák; Jurijus Zaranka

doi:10.61089/aot2025.5dtybt57

Authors

Marcin Koniak Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland Author https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0556-2814
Piotr Jaskowski Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6563-1917
Radovan Madleňák Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Telecomunications, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovakia Author https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4479-5986
Jurijus Zaranka Department of Automotive Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Plytinės Str. 25, LT-10105 Vilnius, Lithuania Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7642-5705

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61089/aot2025.5dtybt57

Keywords:

braking emissions, regenerative braking, energy storage, traffic optimization, decarbonization

Abstract

Issues related to braking and acceleration in vehicles represent both technical and environmental challenges, regardless of the type of drive, whether combustion or electric. In conventional vehicles, the emission of particulate matter is a problem associated with the friction between brake pads and discs, leading to air pollution and health hazards. Brake dust contributes to up to 55% of particulate matter in urban environments. In electric vehicles, the processes of braking and rapid acceleration affect battery wear; however, thanks to energy recovery technology, it is possible to recuperate up to 70% of the kinetic energy. This paper proposes a solution involving the placement of induction loops before intersections with traffic lights to enable the recovery and storage of energy, which could be used to power vehicles waiting at intersections, as well as placement behind intersections to supply power to vehicles accelerating when leaving the intersection. The study considers the application of various energy storage technologies, such as flow batteries, supercapacitors, and flywheels. Each of these technologies offers unique benefits and limitations, such as long operational life, a high number of charge/discharge cycles, and environmental friendliness. Simulations performed using AIMSUN.Next software made it possible to analyze energy consumption and pollutant emissions in various scenarios, indicating the potential benefits of traffic optimization, the use of electric vehicles, and energy recovery. The research results highlight the importance of traffic smoothness and the use of energy storage technologies to reduce pollutant emissions (possible reduction: CO2 by over 40%, NOx by 48%, PM by 73%, and VOC by 40%) and energy consumption (lack of smooth traffic flow leads to approximately 159% higher energy use). The proposed use of energy storage technologies at intersections may significantly decrease particulate and carbon dioxide emissions. The final choice of energy storage technology will depend on local conditions, such as space availability, investment costs, and market availability.

References

1. Afif, A., Rahman, S. M., Tasfiah Azad, A., Zaini, J., Islan, M. A., & Azad, A. K. (2019). Advanced materials and technologies for hybrid supercapacitors for energy storage – A review. Journal of Energy Storage, 25, 100852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2019.100852

2. Amin, I. K., Islam, Md. N., Hasan, Md. K., Jaman, A., & Uddin, M. N. (2023). Design and Analysis of a Bidirectional Wireless Power Transfer System for Dynamic Charging of Electric Vehicles. 2023 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS54024.2023.10406996

3. Amiryar, M. E., & Pullen, K. R. (2020). Analysis of Standby Losses and Charging Cycles in Flywheel Energy Storage Systems. Energies, 13(17), 4441. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174441

4. Anbumani, K., Janani S, M., J, P., M, S., & B, D. (2023). Integrating Regenerative Braking with Advanced Battery Management for Sustainable Transportation. 2023 Intelligent Computing and Control for Engineering and Business Systems (ICCEBS), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCEBS58601.2023.10449122

5. Bennaya, S., & Kilani, M. (2024). Evaluating the Benefits of Promoting Intermodality and Active Modes in Urban Transportation: A Microsimulation Approach. In F. Belaïd & A. Arora (Eds.), Smart Cities (pp. 279–294). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35664-3_15

6. Bingham, C., Walsh, C., & Carroll, S. (2012). Impact of Driving Characteristics on Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption and Range. Iet Intelligent Transport Systems, 6(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2010.0137

7. Chen, B., Chen, Y., Wu, Y., Xiu, Y., Fu, X., & Zhang, K. (2023). The Effects of Autonomous Vehicles on Traffic Efficiency and Energy Consumption. Systems, 11(7), 347. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11070347

8. Choi, C., Kim, S., Kim, R., Choi, Y., Kim, S., Jung, H., Yang, J. H., & Kim, H.-T. (2017). A review of vanadium electrolytes for vanadium redox flow batteries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.188

9. Cristescu, C., Drumea, P., Ion, D., Dumitrescu, C., & Chirit, C. (2011). Mechatronic Systems for Kinetic Energy Recovery at the Braking of Motor Vehicles. In H. Martinez-Alfaro (Ed.), Advances in Mechatronics. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/24420

10. Czagany, M., Hompoth, S., Keshri, A. K., Pandit, N., Galambos, I., Gacsi, Z., & Baumli, P. (2024). Supercapacitors: An Efficient Way for Energy Storage Application. Materials, 17(3), 702. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030702

11. Esparcia, E. A., Castro, M. T., Odulio, C. M. F., & Ocon, J. D. (2022). A stochastic techno-economic comparison of generation-integrated long duration flywheel, lithium-ion battery, and lead-acid battery energy storage technologies for isolated microgrid applications. Journal of Energy Storage, 52, 104681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104681

12. Gołda, I. J., Gołębiowski, P., Izdebski, M., Kłodawski, M., Jachimowski, R., & Szczepański, E. (2017). The evaluation of the sustainable transport system development with the scenario analyses procedure. Journal of Vibroengineering, 19(7), 5627–5638. https://doi.org/10.21595/jve.2017.19275

13. Haidl, P., Buchroithner, A., Schweighofer, B., Bader, M., & Wegleiter, H. (2019). Lifetime Analysis of Energy Storage Systems for Sustainable Transportation. Sustainability, 11(23), 6731. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236731

14. Hasan, U., Whyte, A., & AlJassmi, H. (2022). A Microsimulation Modelling Approach to Quantify Environmental Footprint of Autonomous Buses. Sustainability, 14(23), 15657. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315657

15. Jacyna, M., & Merkisz, J. (2014). PROECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO MODELLING TRAFFIC ORGANIZATION IN NATIONAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM. Archives of Transport, 30(2), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.5604/08669546.1146975

16. Jacyna, M., Wasiak, M., Kłodawski, M., & Lewczuk, K. (2014). SIMULATION MODEL OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF POLAND AS A TOOL FOR DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT. Archives of Transport, 31(3), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.5604/08669546.1146982

17. Jacyna, M., Żochowska, R., Sobota, A., & Wasiak, M. (2021). Scenario Analyses of Exhaust Emissions Reduction through the Introduction of Electric Vehicles into the City. Energies, 14(7), 2030. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14072030

18. Jahangard, M., Madarshahian, M., Sabur, H., Rezvani, R., Mohammadzadeh Moghaddam, A., & Huynh, N. (2023). Illegal Maneuver Effect on Traffic Operations at Signalized Intersections: An Observational Simulation-Based Before-After Study Using Response Surface Methodology. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2023, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2038167

19. Ji, W., Hong, F., Zhao, Y., Liang, L., Du, H., Hao, J., Fang, F., & Liu, J. (2024). Applications of flywheel energy storage system on load frequency regulation combined with various power generations: A review. Renewable Energy, 223, 119975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.119975

20. Lárusdóttir, E. B., & Úlfarsson, G. F. (2014). Effect of Driving Behavior and Vehicle Characteristics on Energy Consumption of Road Vehicles Running on Alternative Energy Sources. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 9(8), 592–601. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2013.843737

21. Li, M., Qiu, C., & Zheng, Z. (2016). Thermal Analysis on Power Battery of Intermittent Discharging under Sample Function. DEStech Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Science, peee. https://doi.org/10.12783/dteees/peee2016/3803

22. Li, X., & Palazzolo, A. (2022). A review of flywheel energy storage systems: State of the art and opportunities. Journal of Energy Storage, 46, 103576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103576

23. Men, Z., Zhang, X., Peng, J., Zhang, J., Fang, T., Guo, Q., Wei, N., Zhang, Q., Wang, T., Wu, L., & Mao, H. (2022). Determining factors and parameterization of brake wear particle emission. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 434, 128856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128856

24. Merkisz, J., Andrzejewski, M., Merkisz-Guranowska, A., & Jacyna-Gołda, I. (2014). THE INFLUENCE OF THE DRIVING STYLE ON THE CO2 EMISSIONS FROM A PASSENGER CAR. Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport, 21(3), 219–226. https://doi.org/10.5604/12314005.1133212

25. Mintsis, E., Belibassakis, M., Mintsis, G., Basbas, S., & Pitsiava-Latinopoulou, M. (2016). The use of a transport simulation system (AIMSUN) to determine the environmental effects of pedestrianization and traffic management in the center of Thessaloniki. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, 6(1), 25–29. https://doi.org/10.14712/23361964.2016.5

26. Muzir, N. A. Q., Hasanuzzaman, Md., & Selvaraj, J. (2023). Modeling and Analyzing the Impact of Different Operating Conditions for Electric and Conventional Vehicles in Malaysia on Energy, Economic, and the Environment. Energies, 16(13), 5048. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16135048

27. Salek, F., Babaie, M., Redel-Macias, M. D., Ghodsi, A., Hosseini, S. V., Nourian, A., Burby, M. L., & Zare, A. (2020). The Effects of Port Water Injection on Spark Ignition Engine Performance and Emissions Fueled by Pure Gasoline, E5 and E10. Processes, 8(10), 1214. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8101214

28. Simon, P., Gogotsi, Y., & Dunn, B. (2014). Where Do Batteries End and Supercapacitors Begin? Science, 343(6176), 1210–1211. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1249625

29. Sippel, I., Magdin, K., & Evtyukov, S. (2024). Simulation modeling as a decision support system tool for improving the environmental safety of road transport. In A. Gibadullin & K. Eshankulov (Eds.), Third International Conference on Digital Technologies, Optics, and Materials Science (DTIEE 2024) (p. 21). SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3035765

30. Su, Z., Liu, Q., & Gong, L. (2023). Energy Consumption Optimization of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles Based on Cooperative Perception in Ramp Overflow Scene. Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, 32(16), 2350282. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218126623502821

31. Szumska, E., & Jurecki, R. (2020). The Effect of Aggressive Driving on Vehicle Parameters. Energies, 13(24), 6675. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246675

32. Tumminello, M. L., Macioszek, E., Granà, A., & Giuffrè, T. (2023). Evaluating Traffic-Calming-Based Urban Road Design Solutions Featuring Cooperative Driving Technologies in Energy Efficiency Transition for Smart Cities. Energies, 16(21), 7325. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217325

33. Urząd m.st. Warszawy. (2024, April 11). UM Warszawa. https://um.warszawa.pl/

34. Viswanathan, V. V., Crawford, A. J., Thomsen, E. C., Shamim, N., Li, G., Huang, Q., & Reed, D. M. (2023). An Overview of the Design and Optimized Operation of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries for Durations in the Range of 4–24 Hours. Batteries, 9(4), 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9040221

35. Wang, J., Besselink, I., & Nijmeijer, H. (2017). Battery Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption Prediction for a Trip Based on Route Information. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering, 232(11), 1528–1542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954407017729938

36. Whitehead, A. H. (2023). Safety Considerations of the Vanadium Flow Battery. In C. Roth, J. Noack, & M. Skyllas‐Kazacos (Eds.), Flow Batteries (1st ed., pp. 175–191). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527832767.ch8

37. Wieser, S., Reiland, S., Bondorf, L., Lober, M., Schripp, T., & Philipps, F. (2022). Development and Testing of a Zero Emission Drive Unit for Battery Electric Vehicles. 2022 Second International Conference on Sustainable Mobility Applications, Renewables and Technology (SMART), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/SMART55236.2022.9990033

38. Wu, G., Boriboonsomsin, K., Zhang, W.-B., Li, M., & Barth, M. (2010). Energy and Emission Benefit Comparison of Stationary and in-Vehicle Advanced Driving Alert Systems. Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2189(1), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.3141/2189-11

39. Xiaotong, Y., Zheng, S., Shi, T., Chen, G.-Y., & Yadong, H. (2024). Research on Influencing Factors of Driving Behavior Energy Consumption Based on Multi-Driving Conditions. 84. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3015786

40. Xu, K., Guo, Y., Lei, G., & Zhu, J. (2023). A Review of Flywheel Energy Storage System Technologies. Energies, 16(18), 6462. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186462

41. Xu, Z., Ma, R., & Wang, X. (2022). Ultrafast, long-life, high-loading, and wide-temperature zinc ion supercapacitors. Energy Storage Materials, 46, 233–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.01.011

42. Yan, Y., & FAN, Y. (2017). Influence of the Driver Style Difference in the Acceleration Process on the Energy Consumption of the EV Bus. https://doi.org/10.2991/iceat-16.2017.39

43. Yao, E., Yang, Z., Song, Y., & Zuo, T. (2013). Comparison of Electric Vehicle’s Energy Consumption Factors for Different Road Types. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2013, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/328757

44. Yao, K., Ye, C., Liu, Y., Yang, M., & Zhao, Y. (2024). Loss and Vibration Analysis of Flywheel Energy Storage Motor for UPS System. 2024 IEEE China International Youth Conference on Electrical Engineering (CIYCEE), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/CIYCEE63099.2024.10846487

45. Yu, Y. (2024). Vanadium redox flow battery: Characteristics and application. Applied and Computational Engineering, 58(1), 267–273. https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/58/20240732

46. Zhang, L., Song, G., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Heterogeneity Analysis of Operating Mode Distribution for Modeling Energy Consumption of Light-Duty Vehicles. Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2677(1), 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981221098397