Ticket tariffs modelling in urban and regional public transport

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8041

Keywords:

public transport, ticket tariff, fare system, fare planning, big data

Abstract

Ticket tariff is an important factor influencing the demand for public transport. Among basic problematics regarding ticket tariffs are designing new fare systems and optimization of current systems. The task of optimization is influenced by two main factors: ticket prices and the structure of the tariff. Both elements were researched in this article, based on eleven public transport organizers fare systems in Poland – metropolitan areas and cities of a different scale. The purpose of this article was to define basic tariff types used in urban and regional public transport with a presentation of their function models. Ticket tariffs split into two main groups: flat and differential. Differential group of tariffs covers: distance (usually are encountered fares based on a number of kilometres or stops travelled), quality (e.g. different fares on basic and express lines), time (minutes, hours or days of ticket validity, but also different tariff during on-peak and off-peak hours), sections (between which passenger travel on a transit route) and zones (transport network divided into areas, e.g. designated by municipalities boundaries) tariffs. The concept of this study was to transform as many tariffs as possible from tabular form to the mathematical function. Five types of functions were considered for each tariff schematic: linear, power, polynomial, logarithmic and exponential. Functions and associated with them R-squared parameters were obtained as a result of re-gression analysis. The paper indicates that for time, distance and flat tariffs conformity (R2) was in most cases very high and above 0,90. The results indicate that the power function best describes time tariffs. In the case of distance tariffs, different kind of functions can be used: logarithmic, power or polynomial. The proposed function form of tariffs may speed up the process of creating new fare systems or upgrading existing ones. With general knowledge about the structure of tariffs and their function forms, it would be easier to determine the price of different kinds of tickets. New fare integration solutions could be also proposed in the future by using Big Data analysis.

References

Alan U.D., Birant D., (2018). Server-Based Intelligent Public Transportation System with NFC, IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, vol. 10, issue 1, p. 30-46, DOI 10.1109/MITS.2017.2776102

Babel L., Kellerer H., (2003). Design of tariff zones in public transportation networks: theoretical results and heuristics, Mathematical methods of operations research, Vol. 58, no. 3, p. 359–374.

Bondemark, A., Andersson, H., Wretstrand, A. et al, (2020). Is it expensive to be poor? Public transport in Sweden, Transportation, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-020-10145-5.

Borndörfer R. Karbstein M., Pfetsch M.E., (2012). Models for fare planning in public transport, Discrete Applied Mathematics, vol. 160, issue 18, p. 2591-2605.

Cats O., Susilo Y.O., Reimal T., (2017). The prospects of fare-free public transport: evidence from Tallinn, Transportation, vol. 44, p. 1083–1104, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-016-9695-5.

Chamier-Gliszczyński N., (2012). Modeling system mobility in urban areas, Congress Proceedings CLC 2012, Carpathian Logistics Congress 2012, p. 501-508, ISBN: 978-808729436-9.

Chamier-Gliszczyński N., (2017). Travelling cost an assessment criterion of the model of citylogistics, Proceedings Paper Carpathian Logistics Congress CLC 2016, p. 287-292, Tanger Ltd.

Cieśla M., Sobota A., Jacyna M., (2020). Multi-Criteria decision making process in metropolitan transport means selection based on the sharing mobility idea. Sustainability 2020, 12(17), 7231; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177231.

Cools M., Fabbro Y., Bellemans T., (2018). Identification of the determinants of fare evasion, Case Studies on Transport Policy, vol. 6, issue 3, p. 348-352, ISSN 2213-624X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2017.10.007.

Danesi A., Tengattini S., (2020). Evaluating accessibility of small communities via public transit, Archives of Transport, 56, p. 59-72, https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5601.

Decree of Inowrocław Mayor, (2020). Decree of the Mayor of the City of Inowrocław no. 285/2020 of November 2, 2020 on the fares and other fees for the public urban transport services provided by Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne sp. z o.o. in Inowrocław (Zarządzenie nr 285/2020 Prezydenta Miasta Inowrocławia z dnia 2 listopada 2020 r. w sprawie opłat za przewóz oraz innych opłat za usługi z zakresu publicznego transportu zbiorowego w komunikacji miejskiej świadczone przez Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne sp. z o.o. w Inowrocławiu).

Decree of PKS Gdynia CEO, (2021). Annex No. 1 to Decree No. 01/01/2021 of PKS Gdynia CEO, dated 04/01/2021.

Drabicki A., Kucharski R., Szarata A., (2017). Modelling the public transport capacity constraints' impact on passenger path choices in transit assignment models. Archives of Transport. 43. 7-28. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.4224.

FitzRoy F., Smith I., (1999). Season tickets and the demand for public transport, KYKLOS, Vol. 52, issue 2, p. 219-238, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6435.00082.

Gao H., et al., (2020). Big Data Analysis of Beijing Urban Rail Transit Fares Based on Passenger Flow, IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 80049-80062, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2991069.

Gschwender A., Munizaga M., Simonetti C., (2016). Using smart card and GPS data for policy and planning: The case of Transantiago, Research in Transportation Economics, Volume 59, Pages 242-249, ISSN 0739-8859, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2016.05.004.

Grey A., (1975). Urban Fares Policy, Published Jointly with Saxon House, Farnborough.

Gromadzki M., (2011). Project of integrated ticketing system for public transport in LGOM, PTC Gromadzki, INK.272.1.7.2011.

Hamacher H.W., Schöbel A., (1995). On fair zone design in public transportation, Computer-Aided Transit Scheduling, Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, Springer, Berlin 430:8–22.

Iwanowicz D., Szczuraszek T., (2019). Concept of A System for Integrated Ticketing and Tariffs for A Given Area in Poland, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 471 062019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/6/062019.

Jabłoński A., Jabłoński M., (2019). Modele Biznesu Przedsiębiorstw, Perspektywy rozwoju, ujęcie koncepcyjne, Wydawnictwo CeDeWu Sp. z o.o., p. 83-84, ISBN 978-83-8102-205-7.

Jansson K., Angell T., (2012). Is it possible to achieve both a simple and efficient public transport zone fare structure? Case study Oslo, Transport Policy, Vol. 20, p. 150-161.

Jørgensen F., Pedersen P.A., (2004). Travel distance and optimal transport policy, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, vol. 38, issue 5, p. 415-430, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(03)00049-3.

Jørgensen F., Preston J., (2007). The relation-ship between fare and travel distance, Journal of transport economics and policy, vol. 41, p. 451-468.

Karoń G. Żochowska R., (2015). Modelling of expected traffic smoothness in urban transportation systems for ITS solutions, Archives of Transport, Vol. 33/1, https://doi.org/10.5604/08669546.1160925.

Ling J.-H., (1998). Transit fare differentials: A theoretical analysis, Journal of advanced transportation, vol. 32, issue 3, p. 297-314.

Lovelock C.H., Lewin G., Day G.S. and Bateson J.E.G., (1987). Marketing Public Transit, Praeger Publishers, New York.

Ma X., et al., (2013). Mining smart card data for transit riders’ travel patterns, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, vol. 36, p. 1-12,

Marabucci A., (2019). A new proposal for fare differentiation for the Integrated Time Ticket in the city of Rome, European Transport-Transporti Europei, issue 78, art. number 3, ISSN 1825-3997.

Nash C. A. (1982). The economics of Public Transport, Longman, New York.

Otto B., Boysen N., (2017). Zonebased tariff design in public transportation networks, Net-works, vol. 69, issue 4, p. 349-366, https://doi.org/10.1002/net.21731.

Pelletier M.-P., Trépanier M., Morency C., (2011). Smart card data use in public transit: A literature review, Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 557-568.

Popovic, V., Gladivic, P., Milicic, M., Stankovic, M., (2018). Methodology of selecting optimal fare system for public transport of passengers, Promet-Traffic&Transportation, Vol. 30, issue 5, p. 539-547, DOI: 10.7307/ptt.v30i5.2538.

Resolution of GZM Management Board, (2020). Resolution No. 293/2020 of the Management Board of The GZM Metropolis of 26 November 2020 on amending Resolution No. 5/2020 of the Management Board of the GZM Metropolis of 8 January 2020 on adopting "The tariff for the carriage of passengers and luggage on public transport organized by the Transport Authority of the Metropolis (ZTM) (Uchwała Nr 293/2020 Zarządu Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowskiej Metropolii z dnia 26 listopada 2020 r. w sprawie zmiany Uchwały nr 5/2020 Zarządu Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowskiej Metropolii z dnia 8 stycznia 2020 roku w sprawie przyjęcia „Taryfy przewozu osób i bagażu w komunikacji zbiorowej organizowanej przez Zarząd Transportu Metropolitalnego (ZTM)”).

Resolution of Krakow City Council, (2020). Resolution No. XLVIII/1301/20 of the Council of the City of Krakow of 18 November 2020 amending Resolution No. XXI/231/11 on the determination of prices and fares for transport services, rights to reduced fares and tariff regulations in urban transport provided in the area of the Municipality of Krakow and neighbouring communes that entered into an agreement for the purpose of joint implementation of public collective transport (Uchwała Nr XLVIII/1301/20 Rady Miasta Krakowa z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. zmieniająca uchwałę Nr XXI/231/11 w sprawie ustalenia cen i opłat za usługi przewozowe, uprawnień do przejazdów ulgowych oraz przepisów taryfowych w komunikacji miejskiej realizowanej na obszarze Gminy Miejskiej Kraków oraz gmin sąsiadujących, które przystąpiły do porozumienia w celu wspólnej realizacji publicznego transportu zbiorowego).

Resolution of Lodz City Council, (2020). Resolution No. XVII/714/19 of the City Council of Łódź of 11 December 2019 amending the Res-olution on the determination of fares for local public transport services in Łódź (Uchwała Nr XVII/714/19 Rady Miejskiej w Łodzi z dnia 11 grudnia 2019 r. zmieniająca uchwałę w sprawie ustalenia opłat za usługi przewozowe lokalnego transportu zbiorowego w Łodzi).

Resolution of Poznan City Council, (2020). Resolution No. XXIV/448/VIII/2020 of the City Council of Poznań of March 10, 2020 on the amounts of fees for local collective transport (Uchwała nr XXIV/448/VIII/2020 Rady Miasta Poznania z dnia 10 marca 2020 r. w sprawie wysokości opłat za przejazdy lokalnym transportem zbiorowym).

Resolution of Szczecin City Council, (2019). Resolution No. XIII/454/19 of Szczecin City Council dated December 18, 2019 on the fees for local public transport services organized by the Municipality of Szczecin, determining the persons entitled to use free and discounted rides and tariff rules (Uchwała Nr XIII/454/19 Rady Miasta Szczecin z dnia 18 grudnia 2019 r. w sprawie opłat za usługi przewozowe lokalnego transportu zbiorowego organizowanego przez Gminę Miasto Szczecin, określenia osób uprawnionych do korzystania z bezpłatnych i ulgowych przejazdów oraz zasad taryfowych).

Resolution of Torun City Council, (2020). Resolution No. 495/20 of the City Council of Toruń of 22 October 2020 amending the resolution on determining the official prices for transport services in public mass transport and the method of establishing the additional fares (Uchwała Nr 495/20 Rady Miasta Torunia z dnia 22 października 2020 r. zmieniająca uchwałę w sprawie ustalenia cen urzędowych za usługi przewozowe w publicznym transporcie zbiorowym i sposobu ustalania opłat dodatkowych).

Resolution of Warsaw Capital City Council, (2017). Resolution No. XlVII/1139/2017 of the City Council of the Capital City of Warsaw of April 6, 2017 on fees for transport services by means of local public transport in the Capital City of Warsaw (Uchwała Nr XlVII/1139/2017 Rady Miasta Stołecznego Warszawy z dnia 6 kwietnia 2017 r. w sprawie opłat za usługi przewozowe środkami lokalnego transportu zbiorowego w m.st. Warszawie).

Resolution of Ząbki City Council, (2015). Resolution No. XI/105/2015 of the City Council of Ząbki of 28 July 2015 on the establishment of official prices and discounts for transport services by means of local public transport in the city of Ząbki (Uchwała Nr XI/105/2015 Rady Miasta Ząbki z dnia 28 lipca 2015 r. w sprawie ustalenia cen urzędowych oraz ulg za usługi przewozowe środkami lokalnego transportu zbiorowego w mieście Ząbki).

Sun S., Szeto W.Y., (2019). Optimal sectional fare and frequency settings for transit networks with elastic demand, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol. 127, p. 147-177, ISSN 0191-2615.

Takahashi T., (2017). Economic analysis of tariff integration in public transport, Research in Transportation Economics, Vol. 66, p. 26-35, ISSN 0739-8859, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.re-trec.2017.08.001.

Tsai F.-M., Chien S.I.-J., Spasovic L.N., (2008). Optimizing Distance-Based Fares and Headway of an Intercity Transportation Sys-tem with Elastic Demand and Trip Length Differentiation, Transportation Research Record, 2089(1):101-109. https://doi.org/10.3141/2089-13.

Vuchic, V.R., (2007). Urban Transit: Operations, Planning, and Economics. John Wiley & Sons.

Yang Y., Deng LB., Wang Q., et al., (2020). Zone Fare System Design in a Rail Transit Line, Journal of advanced transportation, vol. 2020, article number: 2470579, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2470579.

Żochowska R., Karoń G., Janecki R., Sobota A., (2018). Selected aspects of the methodology of traffic flows surveys and measurements on an urban agglomeration scale with regard to ITS projects, Lectur Notes in Networks and systems, p. 37-49.

Downloads

Published

2021-03-31

Issue

Section

Original articles

How to Cite

Czerliński, M., & Bańka, M. S. (2021). Ticket tariffs modelling in urban and regional public transport. Archives of Transport, 57(1), 103-117. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8041

Share

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

Similar Articles

1-10 of 392

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.