Analysis of exhaust emission processes during the Real Driving Emissions test

Monika Andrych-Zalewska

doi:10.5604/01.3001.0053.6085

Authors

Monika Andrych-Zalewska Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, , Wroclaw Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.6085

Keywords:

RDE test, exhaust emission, combustion engine, operating states

Abstract

The article deals with the study of exhaust emissions from a combustion engine in the Real Driving Emission (RDE) test. These tests are a simulation of real conditions of use of motor vehicles. Nowadays, RDE tests are mandatory for Light Duty Vehicle (LDV) and Heavy Duty Vehicle (HDV) vehicles and in the future, restrictive standard. Euro 7, which combines stricter limits with a comprehensive RDE test cycle, is becoming a challenge for current vehicle engineering. The paper presents the results of pollutant emission tests from a passenger car (PC). In the tests of LDV in the RDE test, the results of which are analyzed in the article, the Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) mobile exhaust emission testing system was used. The processes describing the operating states of the vehicle and the combustion engine, as well as the processes of exhaust emission intensity and the intensity of the number of particulate (PN), were examined. The correlation between the considered processes was investigated. The emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulate and carbon dioxide as well as the road PN were examined. The zero-dimensional statistical characteristics of the examined processes were also determined. The probability density and power spectral density of the processes were established. A great diversity was found in the properties of the process distributions, as well as in the dynamic properties of the processes. In the summary of the analysis of the results of the car speed process, the operating states of the combustion engine and the processes of exhaust emission intensity and the process of the intensity of PN in the RDE test, conclusions were formulated regarding, among others, course of the intensity of these compounds, correlation of the processes of pollution emission intensity and the intensity of the PN with the process of car speed, distribution of processes.

References

Andrych-Zalewska M., Chłopek Z., Merkisz J., Pielecha J., (2022). Analysis of the operation states of internal combustion engine in the Real Driving Emissions test. Archives of Transport 61(1), 71-88. DOI: 10.5604/ 01.3001.0015.8162.

Andrych-Zalewska M., Chłopek Z., Merkisz J., Pielecha J., (2021). Research on exhaust emissions in dynamic operating states of a combustion engine in a Real Driving Emissions test. Energies, 14(18), 5684. DOI: 10.3390/ en14185684.

Bendat J. S., Piersol A.G., (2010). Random data: Analysis and measurement procedures. Book Series: Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. ISBN: 9780470248775. Online ISBN: 9781118032428. DOI: 10.1002/9781118032428.

Bielaczyc, P., Merkisz, J., Pielecha, J., Woodburn, J., (2020). RDE-Compliant PEMS Testing of a Gasoline Euro 6d-TEMP Passenger Car at Two Ambient Temperatures with a Focus on the Cold Start Effect, SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-0379, DOI: 10.4271/2020-01-0379.

Commission Regulation (EC) 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 on type approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information, European Commission (EC), Official J. European Union, L 171.

Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/427 of 10 March 2016 amending Regulation (EC) No. 692/2008 as regards emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 6), Verifying Real Driving Emissions, Official J. European Union, L 82, 2016.

Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/646 of 20 April 2016 amending Regulation (EC) No. 692/2008 as regards emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 6), Verifying Real Driving Emissions, Official J. European Union, L 109, 2016.

European Commission (2017) Regulation (EC) 2017/1151 of 1 June 2017 supplementing Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information, amending Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 and Commission Regulation (EU) No 1230/2012 and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/2008. Official Journal of the European Union. L 175; 1-643.

https://dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/iso8178.php (2021.10.02).

Ko J., Kim K., Chung W., Myung C., Park S., (2019). Characteristics of on-road particle number (PN) emissions from a GDI vehicle de pending on a catalytic stripper (CS) and a metal-foam gasoline particulate filter (GPF); Fuel, 238. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.10.091.

Kurtyka K., Pielecha J., Merkisz J. (2021). The evaluation of NOx emissions in RDE tests including dynamic driving conditions. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 642, 012017. DOI: 10.1088/1755- 1315/642/1/012017.

Kurtyka K., Pielecha J., (2019). The evaluation of exhaust emission in RDE tests including dynamic driving conditions. Transportation Research Procedia. 40: 338-345. DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2019.07.050.

Lane D. M. et al., (2003). Introduction to statistics – Open Textbook Library (umn.edu).

Merkisz J., Bielaczyc P., Pielecha J., Woodburn J., (2019). RDE Testing of Passenger Cars: The Effect of the Cold Start on the Emissions Results. SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0747, DOI: 10.4271/2019-01-0747.

Merkisz J., Pielecha J., (2018). Observations from PEMS testing of combustion engines of different applications, Combustion Engines, 174(3), DOI: https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-2018-305.

Merkisz J., “a”, Jacyna M., (2017). Measurement of Exhaust Emissions in Real driving Conditions as a Determinant for Sustainable Transport System Development. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, 7(1), 63-82.

Merkisz J., “b”, Stawecki, W., (2017). Rail vehicles testing under RDE procedure. Rail Vehicles, (1), DOI: 10.53502/RAIL-138457.

Otnes R. K., Enochson L.: Applied time series analysis: Basic techniques. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1978. [19] Papoulis A., Pillai S. U., (2002). Probability, random variables, and stochastic processes. Tata McGraw-Hill. [20] PEMS Testing – Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (horiba.com).

Pielecha J., Merkisz J., Kurtyka K., (2020). Comparison of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions with Gasoline Engines of Different Ecological Classes in Road Tests. In: Siergiejczyk M., Krzykowska K. (eds) Research Methods and Solutions to Current Transport Problems. ISCT21.

Pielecha J., Kurtyka K,, Skobiej K., (2018). The impact of vehicle dynamic parameters on the exhaust emissions in RDE tests. Combustion Engines, 175(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-2018-404. [23] Pielecha J., Merkisz J., Markowski J., Jasiński R., (2016). Analysis of passenger car emission factors in RDE tests. E3S Web of Conferences 10, 00073. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/20161000073.

Ralston A., Rabinowitz P., (2001). A first course in numerical analysis: Second Edition. Dover Publications Inc.

Ramos A., Munoz J., Andres F. et al., (2018). NOx emissions from diesel light duty vehicle tested under NEDC and real-word driving conditions. Transportation Research Part D – Transport and Environment. 1, 63, 37-48. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2018.04.018.

Savitzky A., Golay M.J.E., (1964). Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures, Analytical Chemistry. 36(8): 1627-1639. DOI: 10.1021/ac60214a047.

Semtech-DS on board vehicle emissions analyzer (2010). User manual. Document: 9510-086, Revision: 2.01, October 2010.

Shen X., Shi J., Cao X. et al., (2018). Real world exhaust emissions and fuel consumption for diesel vehicles fueled by waste cooking oil biodiesel blends. Atmospheric Environment. 191, 249-257. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.08.004.

Siedlecki, M., Szymlet, N., Lijewski, P., Merkisz, J., (2020). Emissions from NRMM Vehicles in Real Operating Conditions in Relation to the Number of Vehicles in Use in the Poznan City Agglomeration, SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-2218, DOI: 10.4271/2020-01-2218.

Stoddard W., Anand V., Driscoll R., Dolan B., St. George A., Villalva R., Jodele J., Wilhite J., Gutmark E., (2017). Experimental characterization of centerbodiless RDE emissions. AIAA SciTech Forum - 55th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting.

TSI 3090 EEPS™ (Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer™). User manual. 2008.

Varella R. A., Giechaskiel B., Sousa L., Duarte G. C., (2018). Comparison of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) with Laboratory Grade Equipment. Applied Sciences 8(9):1633 DOI: 10.3390/app8091633.

Wang H., Ge Y., Hao L. et al., (2018). The real driving emission characteristics of light-duty diesel vehicle at various altitudes. Atmospheric Environment. 191, 126-131. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.060.

Weiss M., Bonnel P., Hummel R. et al., (2011). On-road emissions of light-duty vehicles in Europe. Environmental Science and Technology. 45, 8575-8581. DOI: 10.1021/es2008424.

Worldwide emission standards. Passenger cars and light duty vehicles. Delphi. Innovation for the real world. 2020/2021.