Modelling the acoustic signature and noise propagation of high speed railway vehicle

Krzysztof Polak; Jarosław Korzeb

doi:10.5604/01.3001.0016.1051

Authors

Krzysztof Polak Railway Track and Operation Department, Railway Institute, Warsaw Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1464-7214
Jarosław Korzeb Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1889-4925

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1051

Keywords:

noise emissions, railway noise, increased speed railways, environmental noise impact

Abstract

The proportion of high speed railway vehicles in the rolling stock of national carriers providing public transport services is constantly increasing. Currently, Alstom vehicles run at the highest speed on railway lines in Poland. The paper attempts to identify the acoustic signature of high speed railway vehicles. There are many works and studies aimed at identifying or defining the acoustic signature of high speed railway vehicles. However, the authors of these works carried out their research in a rather narrow scope, i.e. the measurement cross-section had only 1 or 2 measurement points with one micro-phone at each point. As part of the conducted experimental research, the location of testing grounds was determined, the measurement apparatus was selected and the methodology for carrying out measurements including the assessment of noise emission on curve and straight line were specified for electric multiple units. The object of the tests were railway vehicles of Alstom company, type ETR610, series ED250, the so-called Pendolino, moving on a selected measuring route without stops at a speed of 200 km/h. Measurements were carried out on the railway line no. 4 Grodzisk Mazowiecki – Zawiercie, section Grodzisk Mazowiecki - Idzikowice at kilometre 18+600 (curve) and 21+300 (straight section). When measuring the acoustic signals with a microphone array (4x2), 8 measurement microphones operating in the audible range were used. The microphones were placed at a distance of 5 m, 10 m, 20 m and 40 m from the track centre, at a height of 4 m (from the rail head) and at the rail head (approx. 0.8 m from the ground surface). In addition, an acoustic camera with 112 directional microphones was used to locate the main noise sources, which was located at a distance of approximately 20 m from the track centre-line. The identification of the main noise sources for high speed railway vehicles, basig on actual acoustic measurements, made it possible to isolate the dominant noise sources, as well as to find out the amplitude-frequency characteristics in the range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz, divided into one third octave bands.

References

Abualhayja’a, M., & Hussein, M. (2021). Comparative Study of Adaptive Beam-forming Algorithms for Smart antenna Applications. In ICCSPA 2020 - 4th International Conference on Communications, Signal Processing, and their Applications. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. DOI: 10.1109/IC-CSPA49915.2021.9385725.

Aczel, A.D., (2018). Statistics in Management, 2nd ed.; PWN: Warszawa, Poland, (In Polish).

Betke K., (1991). New hearing tresh hold measurement for pure tones under free-field listening conditions, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 89, 2400-2403.

Borwin M., Komorski, Szymański G., (2019). Modeling of the sound propagation for a rail-way vehicle moving on the track, Rail Vehicles 3/2019, 60-68. DOI: 10.53502/RAIL-138540.

Chiariotti , Martarell M., and Castellini , (2019). Acoustic beam forming for noise source localization-reviews, methodology and applications, Mech. Syst. Signal Process, 120, 422-448. DOI: 10.1016/j.ymss2018.09.019.

Czarnecki, M.; Witold, G.; Massel, A.; Walczak, S. (2018). Introduction of High-Speed Rolling Stock into Operation on the Polish Railway Network. In High-Speed Rail in Poland: Advances and Perspectives; Zurkowski, A., Ed.; CRC Press: Warsaw, Poland, 203–228. DOI: 10.1201/9781351003308.

Gade S., Ginn B., Gomes J., Hald J., (2015). Recent advances in rail vehicle moving source beam-forming, Sound & Vibration - Instrumentation Reference, 8-14.

Graf H.R., Czolbe C., (2019). Pass-by noise source identification for railroad cars using array measurements, Proceedings of the International Congress on Acoustics, 1574-1581.

Graff M., (2016). The New Electric Multiple Units for Long-Distance and Regional Traffic in Poland in 2015. Tech. Trans. Szyn., 1-2/2016, 22-33.

He, B.; Xiao, X.-B.; Zhou, Q.; Li, Z.-H.; Jin, X.-S. (2014). Investigation into external noise of a high-speed train at different speeds, Journal of Zhejiang University: Science A, 15 (12), 1019-1033. DOI: 10.1631/jzus.A1400307.

Jiang S., Yang S., Wu D., Wen B-Ch, (2018). Prediction and validation for the aerodynamic noise of high-speed train power car, Transport Problems, 13(2), 91-102. DOI: 10.20858/t2018.13.2.9.

Komorski , Szymański G.M., Nowakowski., (2022). Development of the urban rail vehicle acoustic model, Applied Acoustics, 195, 108807, DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2022.108 807.

Lan Zhang, Hui Ma, (2021). Investigation of Chinese residents’ community response to high-speed railway noise, Applied Acoustics, 172, 2021, 107615, DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2020.107615.

Le Courtois F., Thomas J-H., Poisson F., Pascal J-C., (2016). Genetic optimisation of a plane array geometry for beam-forming. Application to source localisation in a high speed train, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 371, 78-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.js2016.02.004.

Li L., Thompson D., Xie Y., Q. Luo Z., Lei Z., (2019). Influence of rail fastener stiffness on railway vehicle interior noise, Applied Acoustics, 2019, 145, 69-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2018.09.006.

Li M., Zhong S., Deng T., Zhu Z., Sheng X., (2021). Analysis of source contribution to pass-by noise for a moving high-speed train based on microphone array measurement, Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, 174, 109058. DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109058.

Maillard J.,Van-Maercke D., Poisson F., Regairaz J., Dufour J.B., (2020). Comparison of pass-by railway noise indicators obtained from standard engineering methods with measured values, Forum Acusticum, Lyon, 2477-2483. https://dx.doi.org/10.48465/fa.2020.0454.

Meng F, Wefers F, Vorlaender M., (2015). Acquisition of exterior multiple sound sources for train auralization based on beam forming. In: Euronoise 2015, 10theuropean conference on noise control, Maastricht, Netherlands, 1703.

Metsämuuronen J., (2022) Directional nature of the product–moment correlation coefficient and some consequences Front. Psychol. 13:988660. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.988660.

Němec, Miroslav, Anna Danihelová, Omáš Gergeľ, Miloš Gejdoš, Vojtěch Ondrejka, and Zuzana Danihelová, (2020). Measurement and Prediction of Railway Noise Case Study from Slovakia; International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, 10: 3616. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103616.

Ozimek, E., (2018). Sound and its perception. In Physical and Psychoacoustic Aspects; PWN: Warszawa, Poland. (In Polish).

Polak K., Korzeb J., (2022). Acoustic Signature and Impact of High-Speed Railway Vehicles in the Vicinity of Transport Routes, Energies, 15(9), 3244. DOI: 10.3390/en15093244.

Polak K., Korzeb J., (2021) Identification of the major noise energy sources in rail vehicles moving at a speed of 200 km/h, Energies, 14(13), 3957. DOI: 10.3390/en14133957.

Polak, K.; Korzeb, J., (2019). Measurements of noise from high-speed rail vehicles, Railway Problems. Pomiary hałasu pochodzącego od pojazdów kolejowych zwiększonych prędkości. Problemy Kolejnictwa, 184, 33–38.

Polish Railway Lines Instruction (2009) - Id-12(D29) - List of lines, Introduced by Order No. 1/2009 of the Management Board of PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe, S.A. of 9 February 2009, as AMENDED., PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe 2009. Available online :https://www.plksa.pl/files/ public/user_up-load/pdf/Akty_prawne_i_przepisy/Instrukcje/ Wydruk/Id-12_Wykaz_linii_06.2021.pdf (accessed on 22 February 2022). (In Polish).

Raczyński, J., (2018). he ED250 (Pendolino) experiences in Poland – first years of exploitation, Technika Transportu Szynowego, no 4/2018, 30-32. Available online: http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwme ta1.element.baztech-9b7e36f1-647f-4ee4-aaf5 -b0e7d9495dcd/c/Raczynski1TTS4en.pdf (accessed on 27 September 2022).

Ordinance of the Minister of the Environment (2011) of 16 June 2011 on the requirements for carrying out measurements of the levels of substances or energy in the environment by the manager of a road, railway line, tramway line, airport or port. J. Laws, 140, 824.

Sheng X., Cheng G., Thompson D.J., (2020). Modelling wheel/rail rolling noise for a high-speed train running along an infinite long periodic slab track, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 148 (1), 174–190. DOI: 10.1121/10.0001566.

Sobczyk, M., (2021). Statistic; PWN: Warszawa, Poland; EAN: 9788301151997. (In Polish) EAN: 9788301151997.

Szymański, G.M., Misztal, W., Orczyk, M., Komorski , (2021). Modeling of the octave sound spectrum emitted by the F-16 Block 52+ aircraft during takeoff, Measurement, 170, 108695. DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.20 20.108695.

Uda T., Kitagawa T., Saito S., Wakabayashi Y., (2018). Low frequency aerodynamic noise from high speed trains, Quarterly Report of RTRI, 59(2), 109-114. DOI: 10.2219/rtriqr.59.2_109.

Wawrzyniak, A., (2013). Electric team trains of the type ETR610 serie ED250 for PKP Intercity S.A., TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego, (9), 20-24.

Zea E., Manzari L., Squicciarini G., Feng L., Thompson D. Lopez Arteaga I., (2017). Wavenumber-domain separation of rail contribution to pass-by noise, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 409, 24-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.js2017.07. 040.

Zhang J., Squicciarini G., Thompson D.J., (2019). Implications of the directivity of rail-way noise sources for their quantification using conventional beam forming, J. Sound Vib., 459, 114841. DOI: 10.1016/j.js2019.07.007.

Zhang J., Xiao X., Sheng X., et al., (2019) Sound source localisation for a high-speed train and its transfer path to interior noise., Chin. J. Mech. Eng., 32(59), 1-16. DOI: 10.1186/s10033-019-0375-1.

Zhang J., Xiao X., Wang D.; Yang, Y., Fan, J., (2018) Source contribution analysis for exterior noise of a high-speed train: experiments and simulations, Shock and Vibration, 2018, 1-13. DOI: 10.1155/2018/5319460.

Zhao C, Wang P, Yi Q, Sheng X, Lu J., (2018). A detailed experimental study of the validity and applicability of slotted stand-off layer rail dampers in reducing railway vibration and noise, Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control, 37(4), 896-910. DOI: 10.1177/146134841876596.

Żurkowski A., (2015). Central Trunk Line (CMK) 200 km/h. Traffic, time table and operations, Technika Transportu Szynowego, nr 6/2015, 24-25.